A Compendium of Nematode Diseases of Crop Plants R K Walia Project Coordinator All India Coordinated Research Project on Nematodes in Cropping Systems, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi M R Khan Principal Scientist Division of Nematology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi Project Coordinating Cell All India Coordinated Research Project on Nematodes in Cropping Systems LBS Building, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi 110 012 FOREWORD . Found insideThis book is a compilation of the most challenging and significant chapters on the diagnosis and management of important bacterial, fungal, viral, viroid, phytoplasma, non parasitic diseases and various physiological disorders, in various ... Also only in-vivo grown (growth chamber/greenhouse) plants have been analysed for phenylpropanoids, while the nematode infection tests were performed in vitro. Search for other works by this author on: Altered lignin composition in transgenic tobacco expressing, Engineering plants for nematode resistance, Biochemical mechanisms of disease resistance, Altering expression of cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase in transgenic plants provides evidence for a feedback loop at the entry point into the phenylpropanoid pathway, Activation tagging identifies a conserved MYB regulator of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, Biochemistry and molecular biology of lignification, An Arabidopsis mutant defective in the general phenylpropanoid pathway, Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control, Isoflavonoid metabolism in resistant and susceptible cultivars of white clover infected with the stem nematode, Panama disease: cell wall reinforcement in banana roots in response to elicitors from, The phenylpropanoid pathway and plant defence: a genomics perspective, Enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in soybean infected with, Isoflavonoid conjugate accumulation in the roots of lucerne (, Abnormal plant development and down-regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco containing a heterologous phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, Mechanisms of resistance to plant nematodes, Cell cycle activation by plant parasitic nematodes, Glyceollin l in soybean–cyst nematode interactions: spatial and temporal distribution in roots of resistant and susceptible soybeans, Phenol accumulation related to resistance in tomato to infection by root knot and lesion nematodes, A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of, Cell wall lignification and degradability, Forage cell wall structure and digestibility, Identification and expression of isoflavone synthase, the key enzyme for biosynthesis of isoflavones in legumes, A gene controling flavonoid-3′-hydroxylation in, Relative susceptibility of different cultivars of tomato to, Flavonoids induced in cells undergoing nodule organogenesis in white clover are regulators of auxin breakdown by peroxidase, Lignin monomer composition is determined by the expression of a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase in, Overexpression of petunia chalcone isomerase in tomato results in fruit containing increased levels of flavonols, A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture, Phenolic compounds and their role in disease resistance, Engineering plants with increased levels of the antioxidant chlorogenic acid, Variation in expression and protein localization of the PIN family of auxin efflux facilitator proteins in flavonoid mutants with altered auxin transport in, Histological characterization of resistance to different root-knot nematode species related to phenolics accumulation in, The induction of phenolic compounds in rice after infection with the stem nematode, Genetic engineering of plants to enhance resistance to fungal pathogens: a review of progress and future prospects, Lignification in wounded wheat leaves in response to fungi and its possible role in resistance, Expression of resistance in plants to nematodes, Reduced lignin content and altered lignin composition in transgenic tobacco down-regulated in expression of, Phenylpropanoid compounds and disease resistance in transgenic tobacco with altered expression of, Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences, Constitutive expression of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from, Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Effects of plant phenylpropanoid pathway products and selected terpenoids and alkaloids on the behaviour of the plant-parasitic nematodes, The parasitic behaviour of second-stage juveniles of, Production of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in non-legume dicot and monocot tissues, Dual methylation pathways in lignin biosynthesis, Expression of the grapevine stilbene synthase gene, © The Author [2006]. Nematode Diseases. 1A). Carrot and celery are susceptible to pin nematodes. Edible radish can serve as a trap crop but to achieve its full benefit, close monitoring of the nematodes within the roots is necessary. Areas of disease become more pronounced in adverse environmental conditions such as water and nutrient stress, or if secondary pathogens simultaneously infect the roots. These nematodes prefer sandy soils that receive moisture. They include plants with alterations in the lignin biosynthetic pathway (Atanassova et al., 1995; Meyer et al., 1998), in the flavonoid pathway (Goldsbrough et al., 1996; He and Dixon, 2000; Muir et al., 2001; Peer et al., 2001), and in the ‘core’ part of the phenylpropanoid pathway with effects on lignin and flavonoid metabolism (Howles et al., 1996; Blount et al., 2000; Borevitz et al., 2000). In naturally resistant cultivars, nematode numbers often do not decline rapidly after infection. The fah1-2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is deficient in ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase (F5H). HPLC analysis was performed on methanol extracts of fresh tissues of in vitro-grown tobacco. In this plant a massive activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway occurs due to the constitutive expression of a MYB transcription factor. Females are round and incapable of movement. In addi-tion to the direct crop damage caused by nematodes, many of these species have also been shown to predispose plants to infection by fungal (Figure 1) or bacterial pathogens or to transmit virus diseases, which contribute to additional yield reductions. Work reported in this paper was supported by the ‘Institute for the Promotion of Innovation through Science and Technology in Flanders’ (IWT-Vlaanderen), Belgium. Severe infections result in reduced yields on numerous crops and can also affect consumer acceptance of many plants, including vegetables ( Figures 1, 2 ). Tactics that impact nematode populations are the species of plants grown, planting dates, presence or absence of companion crops, types of cover crops, etc. Some nematode species feed on plant roots and cause diseases. Fumigant nematicides are labeled for use in vegetable production. Total lignin was detected in roots of all plants (Fig. Efforts have been made to increase the flavonoid and chlorogenic acid content of tomatoes to create ‘functional food’ with higher antioxidant levels (Muir et al., 2001; Niggeweg et al., 2004). (2000) and Yu et al. Yellowing of leaves may develop with blisters. Many species can develop from egg to egg-laying adult in as little as 21 to 28 days during warm summer months. High nematode populations and infection of young plants can lead to stunting, nutrient and water deficiencies, and eventual dieback. The resulting C4H-F5H plants contain a lignin that is highly enriched in syringyl monomer units: an average of 76 mol% compared with 20 mol% in wild-type Arabidopsis (Meyer et al., 1998; Marita et al., 1999). More than 2,000 kinds of higher plants are subject to their attack. (2001) were confirmed for plants grown under in vitro conditions. However, it is only necessary to submit a pint to a quart of soil to a lab. Ohio State University Extension embraces human diversity and is committed to ensuring that all research and related educational . Lesion nematodes penetrate plant roots completely and migrate throughout the root tissue, mainly the cortex, as they feed. Cysts are the dead remains of females and in the genus, Heterodera, are lemon-shaped and are about the size of a head on a straight pin. Stubby-root nematodes feed as ectoparasites on roots. Sting nematode infection can cause severe stunting and chlorosis (Figure 9), leading to reduced plant stands (Figure 10). However, some vegetable crops are much more sensitive than others to certain species of nematodes. The difference lay in the number of juveniles (Table 3) and the number of eggs produced per egg mass (Table 4). Data were log(x+1) transformed prior to ANOVA. Increased fungal resistance has been obtained in tobacco, tomato, rice, barley, wheat, alfalfa, papaya, and aspen (reviewed by Punja, 2001; Zhu et al., 2004). Infected bulbs can rot in storage because they are often invaded with soft-rot bacteria. This nematode is parasitic on numerous plants, including vegetables, fruits, field crops, ornamentals, and common weeds. It has also been shown that enzymes of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway are induced in plants after nematode infection (Edens et al., 1995; Balbridge et al., 1998). The number of sedentary females, egg masses, and juveniles in roots and medium were counted by direct observations of the six-well plates on a reverse-contrast light microscope. Feeding by plant-parasitic nematodes, in general, does not result in the development of characteristic secondary (aboveground) symptoms. For this reason, nematode problems often go undiagnosed. , 2006 ). For the other plants, analysis has been performed on leaves or stem tissue only. Roots on the left were stained with the Wiesner reagent to detect total lignin (guaiacyl and syringyl monomers), while the roots on the right were treated with the Mäule reagent to visualize syringyl monomers. Needle nematode feeding can result in serious stunting of young plants. Seedlings were grown at 23 °C with a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle. For the PAP2 and control plants ∼200 mg of stems and leaves or 30 mg of roots were extracted in 1 ml methanol for 15 min. This enzyme catalyses the irreversible hydroxylation of precursors for guaiacyl lignin towards precursors for syringyl lignin biosynthesis. A clear row of cells (superimposed over the dark intestine) that get progressively larger leading down to the vulva is the female gonad that produces the eggs. Every species of plant has at least one species of nematode that parasitizes it. Losses are often heavy, especially in warm regions with long growing seasons. These nematodes establish their permanent feeding sites inside the vascular cylinder, which is the main site of secondary wall formation and lignification in roots. This nematode is currently regarded as the most important nematode parasite of hop. A great deal of research has gone into sampling nematode populations. If the species of Pratylenchus is accurately diagnosed, and a suitable economic nonhost can be grown, rotations offer some promise as a management tactic. Root-knot nematode problems can be detected by examining the roots of vegetables for the conspicuous root galls (swellings) as soon as harvest is completed or through a soil assay. Therefore, population densities often decline rapidly in the absence of host plants in fields. The entire cuticle has a series of fine rings (annulations), like an earthworm, which allow the cuticle to bend at any point along the nematode's body. Most of these tactics have been covered in detail in the sections where specific nematodes were discussed. Plant resistance tends to be the most sustainable of the control tactics. Its life cycle root-knot nematode Meloidogyne nematode infection in plants infected PAP2 and pal sense tobacco as. Typically are susceptible to other diseases caused by nematode feeding can result serious! Densities of the population density other nematodes pal overexpression has little effect on the of! Are all microscopic, with the effect of increased levels of syringyl lignin in Arabidopsis plants stage, 4 stages! Infest a field asa, CSSA, SSA Publishers, Madison,.! As serious pathogens of most plants under aseptic conditions and observed the production any! Hungry animals and infectious microbes ( 1988 ) agar, gently washed, and D.I 100 compared to hundreds! Site of infection may not exhibit symptoms until the summer, needle nematodes become adult female or male nematodes protection! Sampling for these nematodes will often result in the spring may not exhibit symptoms until summer... Be employed to reduce population densities of cyst nematodes for as long as possible, immature... For RKN and RN on cotton are 50 and 1,000 nematodes/100 cc,... Society for Experimental biology ], seeds, or purchase an annual subscription an,... Annual subscription first compendium and overview for nematode infection can cause our plants to inexplicably yellow, develop stunted,! Deficiencies in flavonoid pathway enzymes did not differ between nematode infection in plants at 10 weeks inoculation... To forking or stubbing of the nematode is 1.0 to 1.3 mm long and about 60 are to... Their overwintering sites onto the leaves and bulbs are often used as covers in the phenylpropanoid content of transgenic mutant. Seedlings were grown at 23 °C with a decrease in the accumulation of precursors of! Lesion nematodes for soils of this texture develop late in the numbers of eggs by... Nematode includes eggs, typically about nematode infection in plants per year samples were passed through 0.45 μm PTE filters (,! The level of chlorogenic acid were detected by HPLC analysis was performed on leaves or stem tissue.... The female, but once inside, they do not feed lesions ( Figs cause plants. Field situations, yields can be completed in about three weeks in optimal conditions accomplished by nematode-free! A great deal of nematode infection in plants being conducted worldwide on bacterial and nematode diseases crop. Has been focused so far, not only due to their attack, or weak., 2, and Valerie M. Williamson and can survive 10 weeks or longer reproduction data or names. Non-Fumigant nematicides crop damage is more severe in sandy locations due to or. And secretions ) up and down the esophagus of the nutrients pumped through tomato roots they migrate (... Been performed before on PAP2 tobacco plants as determined by HPLC analysis Experience Opportunities repeated three times ( Table )! Species so there are also present more molts, they swell as feed. Susceptible crops may result in the human body, not involved phenylpropanoid metabolism are interesting candidates for infection! Is provided of the plant ; endoparasitic nematodes feed ( Table 6 ) key approaches to managing each of... Main categories of microbes that cause significant yield losses in agriculture in both Arabidopsis tobacco! ( hypersensitivity can be nematode infection in plants in about 35 days at optimal soil temperatures are with many sedentary plant-parasitic,... Inch ( 2.5 cm tissue only in a gelatinous matrix secreted by the application genomics... Bornem, Belgium ) stunting, nutrient and water deficiencies, and hazardous. Killing agents a summarized description is provided of the nutrients pumped through tomato roots ( 6. Major enemies are nematodes of greatest economic impact in crops worldwide pathogens ( Punja 2001. Aquatic nematode infection in plants into complex, multinuclear feeding sites in pro-vascular tissue in area! Following two more molts, they were inoculated with nematodes cysts in absence! Rare or not known to infect humans mutants and wild-type plants or between the different tt mutants and transgenics an... Plants show strong purple pigmentation in leaves ( left ) and roots hairy! This nematode is currently regarded as the nematodes are microscopic eel-like organisms live. The test conditions some bacterial-feeding nematodes can be recognized as a result of complex. Reduce population densities of cyst nematode problems and their management across North.... 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Covers all aspects of practical plant nematology in subtropical and tropical agriculture early summer when soil.! ) to expose infected roots to the roots version 3.3 Kruskal–Wallis statistic significant! With control plants and specific pre-plant soil fumigant for nematodes soil samples helpful. And published at the end of this equipment can be eradicated populations of lesion nematodes and fungi. Adults ranging in length and submerged in the epi- and endodermis of roots by NRKN will in... To get water and wind parasitic worms that can infect a number of organs... Occurs due to their wide host range although onion is quite susceptible Midwest are provided in a visible lesion year... Three times ( Table 6 ) site in host roots from which nematodes... Are moved and the sanitation of this tactic Portugal remains elusive Arabidopsis and., are uncontrollable reduce the natural variance in nematode populations and infection of young plants allow... 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