The rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards.[10]. After the revolution the Bolsheviks swept through Russia nearly unopposed. While the White armies were being routed in Central Russia and the east, they had succeeded in driving Nestor Makhno's anarchist Black Army (formally known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine) out of part of southern Ukraine and the Crimea. The smaller body (Kiev and Odessa troops) withdrew to Odessa and the Crimea, which it had managed to protect from the Bolsheviks during the winter of 1919–1920. Not yet hardened by civil war, they released him when he gave his word of honour not to raise new counter-revolutionary risings. During this conference a regional bureau of Muslim organisations of the Russian Bolshevik Party was formed. In the field the Cheka special investigations forces, termed the Special Punitive Department of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combat of Counter-Revolution and Sabotage or Special Punitive Brigades, followed the Red Army, conducting field tribunals and summary executions of soldiers and officers who deserted, retreated from their positions or failed to display sufficient offensive zeal. The Soviets acceded to a peace treaty, and the formal agreement, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, was ratified on 6 March. Civil war of Russia by location‎ (10 C) Civil war of Russia by year‎ (6 C) Forces in Civil war of Russia‎ (16 C, 1 F) A. All-Russian National Center‎ (3 C) Allied Intervention in the Civil war of Russia‎ (14 C, 195 F) [59] Adm. Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after this defeat; White Army forces in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December. At this point Yudenich, short of supplies, decided to call off the siege of the city and withdrew, repeatedly asking permission to withdraw his army across the border to Estonia. [1]:35, The Bolsheviks decided to immediately make peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers, as they had promised the Russian people before the Revolution. [51] Despite setbacks due to British invasions during 1918, the Bolsheviks continued to make progress in bringing the Central Asian population under their influence. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The Russian economy was devastated by the war, with factories and bridges destroyed, cattle and raw materials pillaged, mines flooded and machines damaged. By mid-December 1918 White armies had to leave Ufa, but they balanced this failure with a successful drive towards Perm, which they took on 24 December. Les Blancs et les Rouges: Histoire de la guerre civile russe (PYGMALION HISTOIRE) (French Edition) [Venner, Dominique] on Amazon.com. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Trotsky extended the use of the death penalty to the occasional political commissar whose detachment retreated or broke in the face of the enemy. М., Центрполиграф, 2005. ( Log Out /  A failed military coup by General Lavr Kornilov in September 1917 led to a surge in support for the Bolshevik party, who gained majorities in the soviets, which until then had been controlled by the Socialist Revolutionaries. A review of Red Army troops in Moscow in 1918. [1]:287, Many pro-independence movements emerged after the break-up of the Russian Empire and fought in the war. The Japanese, who had plans to annex the Amur Krai, finally pulled their troops out as Bolshevik forces gradually asserted control over the Russian Far East. [91], The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of, Ukraine, South Russia, and Caucasus (1918), Eastern Russia, Siberia and Far East of Russia (1918), South Russia, Ukraine and Kronstadt (1920–21), These authorities were created between the collapse of the Russian Republic and creation of the Russian State, The main phase ended on October 25, 1922. He was able to restore order to the dispirited troops and reshape an army that could fight as a regular force again. ", Smele, Jonathan D. "‘If Grandma had Whiskers...': Could the Anti-Bolsheviks have won the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars? A biography of Kaledin (in Russian), "Ukraine – World War I and the struggle for independence", 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated, "The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18", War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917–1919, "Workers' Organizations in the Russian Revolution", "Distinguished Service Order citation for Bruce in the 1920, https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_22_2_03_mentzel.pdf, "Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917", And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930, The Civil War in Russia: Its Causes and Significance, ‘If Grandma had Whiskers … ’: Could the Anti-Bolsheviks have won the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars? "The Tanks: The History Of The Royal Tank Regiment And Its Predecessors, Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps And Royal Tank Corps, 1914–1945. The Cossacks had been unable to organise and capitalise on their successes at the end of 1918. ... Guerre civile entre les armées russes blanches … La révolution de Février, puis le coup d'Etat bolchevique en octobre plongent l'ancien empire des tsars dans une tragique guerre civile. Les Evénements en Europe et en France: Accueil ... Pierre Ier et Louis XV: Paul Ier: Nicolas II: Chronologie de l'Histoire russe: Chronologie de la guerre civile: 1917: 1919: 1920: 1918: Janvier: 5 : Dissolution par les bolcheviks de l'Assemblée constituante où ils étaient minoritaires. In September 1918 Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and other local anti-Soviet governments met in Ufa and agreed to form a new Provisional All-Russian Government in Omsk, headed by a Directory of five: two Socialist-Revolutionaries (Nikolai Avksentiev and Vladimir Zenzinov), two Kadets (V. A. Vinogradov and PV Vologodskii) and General Vasily Boldyrev. The Bolsheviks and their Left SR allies were opposed to it, but on 25 July the majority of the Soviet voted to call in the British and the Bolsheviks resigned. [53] Baltic German volunteers captured Riga from the Red Latvian Riflemen on 22 May, but the Estonian 3rd Division defeated the Baltic Germans a month later, aiding the establishment of the Republic of Latvia.[54]. Ces derniers sont appuyés à Petrograd même par une mutinerie des junkers, avec d… The Soviets viewed the treaty as merely a necessary and expedient means to end the war. Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk, the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol. [76] Boris Sennikov estimated the total losses among the population of Tambov region in 1920 to 1922 resulting from the war, executions, and imprisonment in concentration camps as approximately 240,000. The White Movement also suffered greater loss as the Allies pulled back from North and South Russia. [66] Despite this success for the Red Army, the White Army's assaults in European Russia and other areas broke communication between Moscow and Tashkent. [34] In January 1918 the Soviet forces under Lt. Col. Muravyov invaded Ukraine and invested Kiev, where the Central Council of the Ukrainian People's Republic held power. Kursk and Orel were taken, on 20 September and 14 October, respectively. ( Log Out /  You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. $31.68. Editions Autrement, 2005. La guerre civile russe est l'ensemble des événements qui déchirent l'ancien Empire russe durant plus de cinq années, de la fin 1917 à 1923, le gros des combats étant terminé en 1921. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth[90] in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union. Type : Médaille de la guerre civile russe. But the Bolsheviks had no choice, about the war, about the invasions by no fewer than 14 countries, or about the defeats and delays of the revolutions in Western Europe to which they looked for a way out. Krasnov immediately went south to raise new White forces to fight Soviet power. The exchange rate with the US dollar declined from two rubles in 1914 to 1,200 in 1920. Former Imperial Russian and then Finnish Gen. Mannerheim planned an intervention to help the Whites in Russia capture Petrograd. Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favouring political monarchism, capitalism and social democracy, each with democratic and anti-democratic variants. The first attempt to regain power from the Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising in October 1917. After an abortive move north against the Red Army, Wrangel's troops were forced south by Red Army and Black Army forces; Wrangel and the remains of his army were evacuated to Constantinople in November 1920. Polish-Soviet War, 1919-1921 Part II Arguably one of the most important “Inter-War” conflicts of 1919-1938, the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920 was fought between a newly created and independent Polish Republic (1918-1939) and Bolshevik Russia in Poland, in the Baltic and Galicia and Western Ukraine primarily. shipping: + $4.90 shipping . ... on n’y est plus dans une situation de guerre civile larvée . Learn how and when to remove this template message, Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army, 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election, People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Pro-independence movements in Russian Civil War, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Declaration of Rights of Nations of Russia, Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia, Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia, Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, hard fighting with doubtful outcomes took place, Far Eastern Front in the Russian Civil War, Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War, "Russian Civil War | Causes, Outcome, and Effects", "Revolutionary ferment in Finland and the origins of the civil war 1917–1918", Каледин, Алексей Максимович. January 1, 1997. After the treaty, it looked like much of that material would fall into the hands of the Germans. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. ( Log Out /  Voir plus d'idées sur le thème guerres napoléoniennes, armée russe, russie. La guerre civile laotienne est un conflit armé inscrit dans le contexte de la guerre froide, qui opposa le Pathet Lao au royaume du Laos.Commencée durant la guerre d'Indochine, la guerre civile se poursuivit durant la guerre du Viêt Nam, dont elle constitua un théâtre parallèle de la même manière que la guerre civile cambodgienne.. Ce conflit a impliqué les troupes américaines, les troupes thaïlandaises, les … Leon Trotsky, representing the Bolsheviks, refused at first to sign the treaty while continuing to observe a unilateral cease-fire, following the policy of "No war, no peace".[39]. The industrial production value descended to one-seventh of the value of 1913 and agriculture to one-third. There were an additional 6,242,926 hospitalizations due to sickness. La signature du traité de Brest-Litovsk en mars 1918 et la réaction des forces politiques russes opposée… Pour la première fois, une synthèse globale sur la Guerre Civile (1917-1922), qui ne se focalise pas sur la geste communiste mais interroge tous les acteurs de cette tragédie russe (Rouges, Blancs et Verts). Both sides had victories and losses, but by the middle of summer the Red Army was larger than the White Army and had managed to recapture territory previously lost.[58]. General Wrangel had gathered the remnants of Denikin's armies, occupying much of the Crimea. [78] Evan Mawdsley suspected that there were more than 12,733, and less than 200,000. 978-2857045182. Volume 26, Number 10--Sunday, January 10, 2021. The next day, the Bolsheviks were able to arrest Krasnov. Slipshod evacuation of Novorossiysk proved to be a dark event for the White Army. The February Revolution of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia. Cassell: 1959, p. 211. Police, civil service, courts – all had disintegrated or were hostile. The Black Army, which counted numerous Jews and Ukrainian peasants in its ranks, played a key part in halting Denikin's White Army offensive towards Moscow during 1919, later ejecting White forces from Crimea. ", This page was last edited on 18 February 2021, at 14:26. By July the authority of the Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. The latter, only 205 miles (330 km) from Moscow, was the closest the AFSR would come to its target. 4 mai 2016 - Explorez le tableau « Artillerie Russe-"Ceux qui bravaient l'Aigle" » de Serge Frédérick, auquel 179 utilisateurs de Pinterest sont abonnés. They would have rejected as nonsense any idea that “collective property in the means of production” – formally “collective”, but actually, as Marie well knows, ownership by a privileged bureaucracy at least as walled off from the workers and peasants as is the corps of big shareholders in Western capitalist corporations – could in itself, in abstract, in abstraction from any form of working-class political power, guarantee “social gains”. During the winter 1919–20, the Orenburg Army retreated to Semirechye in what is known as the Starving March, as half of the participants perished. However, the perceived threat of another intervention, combined with the failure of socialist revolutions in other countries—most notably the German Revolution—contributed to the continued militarisation of Soviet society. On 14 November 1919 the Red Army captured Omsk. Two Bolsheviks smuggled themselves into the Cossack barracks at 3am, spent five hours talking and arguing with the Cossacks, and eventually won them over to a neutral position. 7 benefits of working from home; Jan. 26, 2021. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued, The Red Army peaked in October 1920 with 5,498,000: 2,587,000 in reserves, 391,000 in labor armies, 159,000 on the front and 1,780,000 drawing rations. In June 1918 the Volunteer Army, numbering some 9,000 men, started its Second Kuban campaign. The third was Maj. Gen. Dunsterville, who the Bolsheviks drove out of Central Asia only a month after his arrival in August 1918. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii)[1] was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. interventions-allieacutees-pendant-la-guerre-civile-russe 1/1 Downloaded from www.liceolefilandiere.it on January 23, 2021 by guest Kindle File Format Interventions Allieacutees Pendant La Guerre Civile Russe Right here, we have countless book interventions allieacutees pendant la guerre civile russe and collections to check out. During winter 1920, Ural Cossacks and their families, totaling about 15,000 people, headed south along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea towards Fort Alexandrovsk. [36] However, after the military fiasco of the summer offensive (June 1917) by the Russian Provisional Government had devastated the structure of the Russian Army, it became crucial that Lenin realize the promised peace. The Red Army captured Kiev on 3 February 1919.[60]. ... mot russe signifiant « conseil » Les soviets réunissent des représentants des ouvriers, des paysans et des soldats. $9.62 + $7.31 shipping . We will return to Germany and to the rise to … [1]:42 As a condition for peace, the proposed treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire, greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives. In December 1917 Alekseev was joined by General Lavr Kornilov, Denikin and other Tsarist officers who had escaped from the jail, where they had been imprisoned following the abortive Kornilov affair just before the Revolution. The initial groups that fought against the Communists were local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty to the Provisional Government. It called itself a “soviet” government, a “workers’ and peasants’ government”, and justified its decrees in terms of “workers’ and peasants’ power” or “democracy”. He himself gave up command after the loss of Omsk and designated Gen. Grigory Semyonov as the new leader of the White Army in Siberia. [1]:27 At the beginning of December 1917, groups of volunteers and Cossacks captured Rostov. Yudenich also had six British tanks, which caused panic whenever they appeared. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk also resulted in direct Allied intervention in Russia and the arming of military forces opposed to the Bolshevik government. Vol I". Mon projet de français d'étape 1 de secondaire trois . $7.23 + $6.50 shipping . [11], The Red Army also utilized former Tsarist officers as "military specialists" (voenspetsy);[15] sometimes their families were taken hostage in order to ensure their loyalty. AU. However, he failed to gain control of Tashkent, Bukhara and Khiva. In spring and summer 1921, the Bolsheviks faced huge peasant uprisings in Tambov and other areas, as well as the Kronstadt revolt. 6.06 x 0.98 x 9.45 inches. Disease had reached pandemic proportions, with 3,000,000 dying of typhus in 1920 alone. [87] The White Terror, as it would become known, killed about 300,000 people in total. It can also be roughly split into the following periods. Consequently, when the Soviet counteroffensive began in January 1919 under the Bolshevik leader Antonov-Ovseenko, the Cossack forces rapidly fell apart. There were also many German commanders who offered support against the Bolsheviks, fearing a confrontation with them was impending as well. [39] Signing a formal peace treaty was the only option in the eyes of the Bolsheviks because the Russian Army was demobilized, and the newly formed Red Guard was incapable of stopping the advance. With the help of the Kiev Arsenal Uprising, the Bolsheviks captured the city on 26 January. Western socialists had promptly arrived from France and from the UK to convince the Russians to continue the fight, but could not change the new pacifist mood of Russia. Following the Treaty of Tartu most of Yudenich's soldiers went into exile. When Kolchak's army in the east began to retreat in June and July, the bulk of the Red Army, free from any serious danger from Siberia, was directed against Denikin. The Ottoman Army of Islam (in coalition with Azerbaijan) drove them out of Baku on 26 July 1918. [19] The British and French had supported Russia during World War I on a massive scale with war materials. Les bolcheviks: les plus révolutionnaires des socialistes russes, synonyme de … Moffat, "The Allies Act—Murmansk and Archangel." In June the Red Army first checked Kolchak's advance. Hence, many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies. Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987), Howard Fuller, "Great Britain and Russia’s Civil War:“The Necessity for a Definite and Coherent Policy”. These advances were later checked with the Eastern Front counteroffensive, the Southern Front counteroffensive, and defeat of the Northwestern Army. [14] The forced conscription drive had mixed results, successfully creating a larger army than the Whites, but with members indifferent towards Marxist–Leninist ideology. "The Defeat of Communism". He also shows that, for the Bolsheviks, force was always the second resort, in cases where they had failed to convince, and accompanied by attempts to convince. Dafna Dolinko. In Central Asia, Red Army troops continued to face resistance into 1923, where basmachi (armed bands of Islamic guerrillas) had formed to fight the Bolshevik takeover. With the retreat of Kolchak in Siberia, they pulled their troops out of the cities before the winter trapped them in the port. British historian Orlando Figes has contended that the root of the Whites' defeat was their inability to dispel the popular image that they were not only associated with Tsarist Russia but supportive of a Tsarist restoration, as well. ", Ford, Chris. After the capture of Tsaritsyn, Wrangel pushed towards Saratov but Trotsky, seeing the danger of the union with Kolchak, against whom the Red command was concentrating large masses of troops, repulsed his attempts with heavy losses. According to Pravda, "The workers of the towns and some of the villages choke in the throes of hunger. The transport from the Eastern Front to Vladivostok slowed down in the chaos, and the troops became dispersed all along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Mint name / Town : Russie, Moscou. This entry was posted on 9 September, 2007 at 22:37 and is filed under Uncategorized. Change ). As a military power, the Soviet government did not exist – not until such time as it managed to build up a Red Army, and a minimal apparatus of administration and supply, by convincing workers and peasants to join the Bolsheviks in that effort. Russian and Allied ships evacuated about 40,000 of Denikin's men from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or captured by the Red Army. The Allies gave large quantities of aid to Yudenich, who, however, complained that he was receiving insufficient support. "[citation needed] It is estimated that the total output of mines and factories in 1921 had fallen to 20% of the pre-World War level, and many crucial items experienced an even more drastic decline. The leading Tsarist officers of the Imperial Russian Army also started to resist. La Guerre Civile Russe 1917 1922: Armées Paysannes, Rouges, Blanches Et Vertes by. A loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces aligned against the Communist government, including landowners, republicans, conservatives, middle-class citizens, reactionaries, pro-monarchists, liberals, army generals, non-Bolshevik socialists who still had grievances and democratic reformists voluntarily united only in their opposition to Bolshevik rule. Content developer and educator. Récit traduit du russe par : Marilyne FellousEn 1918, au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, alors que la guerre civile sévissait en Union soviétique, il fut décidé d'envoyer huit cents enfants de Saint-Pétersbourg dans le sud de la Russie, ainsi que dans l'Oural et en Sibérie, afin de leur permettre d'échapper à la famine et aux violences de la guerre civile. Metal : bronze. GUANGZHOU CANTON / LA GUERRE CIVILE EN CHINE CHINA / ILLUSTRATION LECOULTRE 1924. shipping: + $4.87 shipping . Publication date. However, because the Committee lacked representation of the native population and poor Russian settlers, they had to release the Bolshevik prisoners almost immediately due to public outcry, and a successful takeover of this government body took place two months later in November. ... Général Janin Russie Guerre civile russe Révolution 1917 Russes blanc militaire. After the fall of Kazan, Vladimir Lenin called for the dispatch of Petrograd workers to the Kazan Front: "We must send down the maximum number of Petrograd workers: (1) a few dozen 'leaders' like Kayurov; (2) a few thousand militants 'from the ranks'". [16] By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.[15]. That suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd. LA RÉVOLUTION RUSSE ET LES POGROMS DE LA GUERRE CIVILE 5:32. During this first period the Bolsheviks took control of Central Asia out of the hands of the Provisional Government and White Army, setting up a base for the Communist Party in the Steppe and Turkestan, where nearly two million Russian settlers were located.[27]. Despite the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, they lost to the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election, and the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the Bolsheviks. [62] Notable historian Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart comments that Bruce's tank action during this battle is to be seen as "one of the most remarkable feats in the whole history of the Tank Corps".[63]. Mass arrests of Socialist-Revolutionaries followed. Notice the dates: 1917-22. Project manager, content developer and educator. [77], During the Red Terror, estimates of Cheka executions range from 12,733 to 1.7 million. An attempted invasion of southern Ukraine was rebuffed by the Black Army under Makhno's command. Estonia cleared its territory of the Red Army by January 1919. In May 1918, the Czech Legion in Russia revolted in Siberia. Soviet forces advanced east, despite encountering resistance in Chita, Yakut and Mongolia. Marie, a well-known academic supporter of the “Lambertist” strand of would-be Trotskyism, scarcely “editorialises” at all, except in the last couple of pages, where he adds on, without explanation, an “interpretation” much at odds with the rest of the book. (39.7 x 50.8cm) sheet: 19 1/8 x 24 3/4in. Thanks for Sharing! [71], After Moscow's Bolshevik government signed a military and political alliance with Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists, the Black Army attacked and defeated several regiments of Wrangel's troops in southern Ukraine, forcing him to retreat before he could capture that year's grain harvest. More significant was the emergence of an anarchist political and military movement known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine or the Anarchist Black Army led by Nestor Makhno. Millions more also died of widespread starvation, wholesale massacres by both sides and pogroms against Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia. Transcription. Amidst the backdrop of increased U.S.-Russian tensions and even talk of war, long forgotten is the time the U.S. actually invaded, explains Jeff Klein. [74], In Siberia, Admiral Kolchak's army had disintegrated. This rendered possible another threat to the Red Army—one from Gen. Yudenich, who had spent the summer organizing the Northwestern Army in Estonia with local and British support. Entries (RSS) and Comments (RSS). Media in category "Allied Intervention in the Civil war of Russia" The following 195 files are in this category, out of 195 total. [33] The White Russians supported this government body, which lasted several months because of Bolshevik troop isolation from Moscow. Already on the date of the Revolution, Cossack General Alexey Kaledin refused to recognize it and assumed full governmental authority in the Don region, where the Volunteer Army began amassing support. Wrangel's fleet evacuated him and his army to Constantinople on 14 November 1920, ending the struggle of Reds and Whites in Southern Russia. See all … On the Volga, Col. Kappel's White detachment captured Kazan on 7 August, but the Reds re-captured the city on 8 September 1918 following a counteroffensive. Denikin's forces constituted a real threat and for a time threatened to reach Moscow. Obverse description : Cinq soldats … $31.87. Date: 1919. And this in a country exhausted by years of war, with a total of maybe 14 million deaths since the start of World War 1, over four million in the civil war alone, seven million abandoned children, and raging drought, famine, and disease. Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army. These émigrés included a large percentage of the educated and skilled population of Russia. Anger at continued repression by the Bolshevik Communist government and at its liberal use of the Cheka to put down anarchist elements led to a naval mutiny at Kronstadt in March 1921, followed by peasant revolts. Or, the Constraints and Conceits of Counterfactual History. There were an estimated 7 to 12 million casualties during the war, mostly civilians. Subsequently, the Dashanaks, Right SRs and Mensheviks started negotiations with Gen. Dunsterville, the commander of the British troops in Persia.